Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, the DNA hangs out in a cavity, lacks membrane-enclosed organelles, and has a very small surface area. An example of this type of cell is bacteria or archaea. These cells are said to have been the first ones on earth because of the DNA and how it consumed, controlled, and reproduced other cells.
Eukaryotic cells are plant and animal cells that are large and contain a nucleus along with many organelles. Examples of this cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Parts of the Cell
1. Nucleus - brain of cell, houses DNA, largest organelle in most eukaryotic.
2. RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum, make membrane and secretory proteins/ secretory vesicles, rough because of many ribosomes
3. SER - smooth endoplasmic reticulum, makes lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids), liver cells detoxify blood and regulate sugar levels, and store calcium in muscle cells for function.
4. Golgi - receives and modifies substances made by the ER (proteins).
5. Lysosomes - digestive protein enzymes in a sac, enzymes for lysosome made by ER and modified by Golgi.
6. Vacuoles - primarily contain food in animal cells, plant central vacuole stores waste, pigments, and water for growth.
7. Chloroplasts - contain DNA, convert solar energy to chemical (glucose) energy, parts, and in plant cells.
8. Mitochondria - contain DNA, chemical energy of sugar converted into ATP (energy).
9. Centrioles - star shaped and play role in cell division.
10. Nucleolus - found inside nucleus and makes RNA (ribosomes).
11. Cytoplasm - liquid portion of cell, things float and move around in here, and made by to move stuff around.
2. RER - rough endoplasmic reticulum, make membrane and secretory proteins/ secretory vesicles, rough because of many ribosomes
3. SER - smooth endoplasmic reticulum, makes lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids), liver cells detoxify blood and regulate sugar levels, and store calcium in muscle cells for function.
4. Golgi - receives and modifies substances made by the ER (proteins).
5. Lysosomes - digestive protein enzymes in a sac, enzymes for lysosome made by ER and modified by Golgi.
6. Vacuoles - primarily contain food in animal cells, plant central vacuole stores waste, pigments, and water for growth.
7. Chloroplasts - contain DNA, convert solar energy to chemical (glucose) energy, parts, and in plant cells.
8. Mitochondria - contain DNA, chemical energy of sugar converted into ATP (energy).
9. Centrioles - star shaped and play role in cell division.
10. Nucleolus - found inside nucleus and makes RNA (ribosomes).
11. Cytoplasm - liquid portion of cell, things float and move around in here, and made by to move stuff around.
Steps to Getting a Protein Released
1. Get message (RNA) from nucleus to RER
2. Introduce message to ribosome RER
3. Ribosome will translate message into polypeptide
4. Package protein into a secretary vesicle/transport vesicle
5. Send package to Golgi
6. Golgi will unpackage and check/modify protein
7. Golgi will repackage and send protein out to do its job
2. Introduce message to ribosome RER
3. Ribosome will translate message into polypeptide
4. Package protein into a secretary vesicle/transport vesicle
5. Send package to Golgi
6. Golgi will unpackage and check/modify protein
7. Golgi will repackage and send protein out to do its job
Internal Skeleton of Cell (cytoskeleton):
1. Microfilaments - made of actin globular proteins form helcal rods, aid in cell movement, found just inside plasma, hold organelles in place, and chain-like in appearance.
2. Intermediate filaments - Ribras rather than globular proteins, rope like, act as reinforcing, rods and helps to anchor organelles, anchors nucleus in place, and intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
3. Microtubules - made of globular protein called tubulin; tubulus, and found in cilia and flagella.
2. Intermediate filaments - Ribras rather than globular proteins, rope like, act as reinforcing, rods and helps to anchor organelles, anchors nucleus in place, and intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
3. Microtubules - made of globular protein called tubulin; tubulus, and found in cilia and flagella.
A tight junction is waterproof and found in the stomach and bladder. An anchoring junction holds cells together and is found in the skin and liver. A communicating junction passes information or materials from one cell to the next and includes the plasmodesma found in plant cells.
Plasma Membrane
1. Plasma membrane's job is to allow a steady supply of nutrients into the cell (glucose, amino acids, lipids).
2. It also regulates what goes out of the cell.
3. Maintains homeostasis (cells environment).
4. Selective permeability allows some materials in while keeping others out (active transport). Also allows small substances, especially electrically neutral substances (not ions) to enter and leave easily.
5. Some particles to freely enter while others must be allowed into the cell only at certain times in certain amounts, through certain channels.
2. It also regulates what goes out of the cell.
3. Maintains homeostasis (cells environment).
4. Selective permeability allows some materials in while keeping others out (active transport). Also allows small substances, especially electrically neutral substances (not ions) to enter and leave easily.
5. Some particles to freely enter while others must be allowed into the cell only at certain times in certain amounts, through certain channels.
The above structure is the plasma membrane made up hydrophilic fatty acids, hydrophobic nonpolar, carbohydrates, glycolipids, I.D. proteins (gylcoprotein), receptor protein (receives info from other cells) , and transport proteins (create a channel). Its structure also is composed of a phospholipid bilayer (lipids with a phosphate group attached to them).