Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur by lowering the activation energy. An enzyme is made up of substrates and an active site.
Controlling enzymes are known as inhibitors, specifically competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. A competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for a spot in the active site and sometimes blocks the active site. A noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the active site preventing the substrate form entering the enzyme.
The environmental factors on enzymes are pH, temperature, and enzyme substrate concentration. This compares the rate of reaction to the changes of pH, temperature, and amount of substrate. We can see through these graphs the period at when enzymes begin to denature.
Cellular Transport
1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process occurs because molecules are in constant motion but typically both sides are never equal. This process is used in cells to move materials in and out and also occurs if there is a difference in the concentration gradient.
2. Facilitated Diffusion is diffusion which occurs with the help of transport proteins. Transport proteins are specific for certain substances and typically are passive where no energy is used.
3. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Isotonic solutions are some concentration of dissolved substances as does the cell. Hypotonic solutions contain a lower concentration of dissolved substances than does the cell (more water molecules in solution). Plant cell walls keep cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic solutions contain a higher concentration of dissolved substances than in the cell (less water molecules in solution).
Passive transport occurs in diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. It requires no energy and movement is determined by concentration gradient.
Active transport occurs in endocytosis, exocytsis, and protein/vesicle. Energy is required for movement and usually movement is against concentration gradient.
Two Forms of Active Transport:
1. Transport Proteins
2. Endocytosis = sacs or vesicles get incorporated. Pinocytosis is liquid as phagocytosis is particles.
3. Exocytosis = opposite of endocytosis, lysosome
Active transport occurs in endocytosis, exocytsis, and protein/vesicle. Energy is required for movement and usually movement is against concentration gradient.
Two Forms of Active Transport:
1. Transport Proteins
2. Endocytosis = sacs or vesicles get incorporated. Pinocytosis is liquid as phagocytosis is particles.
3. Exocytosis = opposite of endocytosis, lysosome