Cellular respiration can be defined as the production of ATP from glucose. There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and is in most animals and plants. Anaerobic respiration uses no oxygen and can be found in yeast. Different enzymes in these respirations can cause two redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions. Oxidation reactions lose electrons as reduction reactions gain electrons. These are created by the movement of electrons from one molecule to another and also related to coenzymes that shuttle molecules around the cell. (Leo says Ger)
Stages of Respiration
1. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is both anaerobic and aerobic.
-Glucose molecule broken in half by 2 ATP molecules. Making PGAL and G3P molecules.
-NAD+ (coenzyme) steal electrons from the PGAL making NADH and making PGAL unstable.
-Unstable PGAL will lose 2 phosphates that will be picked up by 2 ADP making 2 ATP.
-Molecule becomes stable and it pyruvic acid.
-Makes 4 ATP but nets 2 ATP and makes 2 NADH, and produces 2 pyruvic acids.
-Glucose molecule broken in half by 2 ATP molecules. Making PGAL and G3P molecules.
-NAD+ (coenzyme) steal electrons from the PGAL making NADH and making PGAL unstable.
-Unstable PGAL will lose 2 phosphates that will be picked up by 2 ADP making 2 ATP.
-Molecule becomes stable and it pyruvic acid.
-Makes 4 ATP but nets 2 ATP and makes 2 NADH, and produces 2 pyruvic acids.
2. Grooming is aerobic in mitochondria. 99% of molecules do this process.
-Bringing in NADH+ to remove electrons from pyruvic acid, making a NADH.
-Unstable pyretic acid will lose a CO2, forming an acetyl.
-Coenzyme A attaches itself to acetyl to bring acetyl to Krebs cycle.
Fermentation is primarily for anaerobic organisms and the energy come from NADH which turns pyruvic acid into CO2, ethyl alcohol, and lactic acid (less harmful). It's very rare for aerobic organisms but only occurs if there is a lack of O2.
-Bringing in NADH+ to remove electrons from pyruvic acid, making a NADH.
-Unstable pyretic acid will lose a CO2, forming an acetyl.
-Coenzyme A attaches itself to acetyl to bring acetyl to Krebs cycle.
Fermentation is primarily for anaerobic organisms and the energy come from NADH which turns pyruvic acid into CO2, ethyl alcohol, and lactic acid (less harmful). It's very rare for aerobic organisms but only occurs if there is a lack of O2.
3. Kreb Cycle occurs in the mitochondria. FAD has less energy associated with it then NAD which gives off more energy. The ending products made are 3 NAD and 1 ATP and 1 FADH2.
-Acetyl has to combine with oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid.
-COA removed.
-NAD+ pulls electrons from citric acid and a CO2 is released. Forming a 5 carbon compound.
-NAD+ removes 2 more electrons and a CO2 is released. Forming a 4 carbon compound.
-Phosphate is given off to ADP making it an ATP.
-FAD+ removes 2 electrons.
NAD+ removes 2 electrons.
-Now have oxaloacetic acid again.
-Acetyl has to combine with oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid.
-COA removed.
-NAD+ pulls electrons from citric acid and a CO2 is released. Forming a 5 carbon compound.
-NAD+ removes 2 more electrons and a CO2 is released. Forming a 4 carbon compound.
-Phosphate is given off to ADP making it an ATP.
-FAD+ removes 2 electrons.
NAD+ removes 2 electrons.
-Now have oxaloacetic acid again.
4. Electron Transport Chain occurs in the mitochondria within the membrane. ATP synthase also is incorporated in this process by being responsible to make ATP and allows O2 to be present. If there is no oxygen, it can't release electrons from FAD's and NAD's, so they can go back to Kreb's cycle.
-NADH's and FADH's bring electrons to the ETC and drop the electrons off.
-Electrons will go down the ETC and pull hydrogen ions from inner membrane to inner membrane space creating a concentration gradient.
-Hydrogen ions (H+) want to return to inner membrane and does so through ATP synthase (enzyme, channel protein).
-Energy from the H+ will be used by ATP synthase to put together ADP and P making ATP's.
-O2 comes in and pulls electrons off the ETC so another set of electrons can be added.
-When electrons are added to oxygen we get a water molecule.
-NADH's and FADH's bring electrons to the ETC and drop the electrons off.
-Electrons will go down the ETC and pull hydrogen ions from inner membrane to inner membrane space creating a concentration gradient.
-Hydrogen ions (H+) want to return to inner membrane and does so through ATP synthase (enzyme, channel protein).
-Energy from the H+ will be used by ATP synthase to put together ADP and P making ATP's.
-O2 comes in and pulls electrons off the ETC so another set of electrons can be added.
-When electrons are added to oxygen we get a water molecule.